COLONIZATION

Colonization in U. S. History 1

Virginia’s standards focus on several of the early English colonies in the Americas, how the geography and climate influenced how colonial regions developed economically, and how differnent groups of people in the colonies lived.

Resources:

Jamestown Resources: Historic Jamestowne Jamestown Settlement How bad were conditions in Jamestown during the winter of 1609-1610? CLICK HERE to read recent findings in USA Today CLICK HERE to take an interactive tour of Jamestown CLICK HERE to go to Virtual Jamestown CLICK HERE to play the Jamestown Online Adventure game! CLICK HERE to try the "You are the Historian interactive activity at Plymouth Plantation CLICK HERE to take an interactive voyage on the Mayflower II from Plymouth Plantation CLICK HERE to take a virtual field trip to Plimouth Plantation CLICK HERE to learn more about the Massachussetts Bay Colony S S STANDARD USI.5a The student will apply social science skills to understand the factors that shaped colonial America by a) describing the religious and economic events and conditions that led to the colonization of America; Essential Understandings Colonies in North America were established for religious and economic reasons. Essential Knowledge Colonies and the reasons they were established ● Roanoke Island (Lost Colony) was established as an economic venture. ● Jamestown settlement, the first permanent English settlement in North America (1607), was an economic venture by the Virginia Company. ● Plymouth Colony was settled by separatists from the Church of England who wanted to avoid religious persecution. ● Massachusetts Bay Colony was settled by the Puritans to avoid religious persecution. ● Pennsylvania was settled by the Quakers, who wanted freedom to practice their faith without interference. ● Georgia was settled by people who had been in debtors’ prisons in England. They hoped to experience economic freedom and start a new life in the New World. STANDARD USI.5b The student will apply social science skills to understand the factors that shaped colonial America by b) describing life in the New England, Mid-Atlantic, and Southern colonies, with emphasis on how people interacted with their environment to produce goods and services; Essential Understandings Geographic features influenced life in the colonies. The colonies consisted of different groups of people whose lives varied greatly depending on their social position. Essential Knowledge Term to know ● resources: natural, capital, or human Interactions of people and environment New England ● Geography and climate  Appalachian Mountains, harbors, hilly terrain, rocky soil, jagged coastline;  Moderate summers, cold winters ● Resources  Natural resources: timber, fish, deep harbors  Human resources: skilled craftsmen, fishermen, merchants, shipbuilders  Capital resources: tools, buildings ● Social life  Village, school, and church as center of life;  Religious reformers and separatists ● Political and civic life  Town meetings STANDARD USI.5b (continued) The student will apply social science skills to understand the factors that shaped colonial America by b) describing life in the New England, Mid-Atlantic, and Southern colonies, with emphasis on how people interacted with their environment to produce goods and services; Essential Knowledge Mid-Atlantic ● Geography and climate  Appalachian Mountains, coastal plains, harbors, rivers, rich farmlands;  Moderate climate ● Resources  Natural resources: rich farmlands, rivers  Human resources: unskilled and skilled workers, farmers, fishermen, merchants  Capital resources: tools, buildings ● Social life  Villages and cities  Diverse cultural backgrounds  Diverse religions ● Political and civic life  Market towns South ● Geography and climate  Appalachian Mountains, Piedmont, Atlantic Coastal Plain, harbors, rivers, fertile farmland  Humid climate Resources  Natural resources: fertile farmlands, rivers, harbors, forests  Human resources: farmers, enslaved African Americans, indentured servants  Capital resources: tools, buildings Social life  Plantations, mansions, few cities, few schools  Church of England Political and civic life  Counties STANDARD USI.5c The student will apply social science skills to understand the factors that shaped colonial America by c) describing specialization of and interdependence among New England, Mid-Atlantic, and Southern colonies; Essential Understandings Economic specialization and interdependence existed among the colonies in the production of goods and services. Specialization increases productivity. It also requires trade and increases interdependence. Essential Knowledge Terms to know ● specialization: Focus on producing one product or a few products ● interdependence: Two or more people depending on others New England colonies ● Specialization  Fishing, shipbuilding, naval supplies, metal tools, equipment ● Examples of interdependence  The New England colonies depended on the Southern colonies for crops such as tobacco, rice, cotton, and indigo.  They depended on the Mid-Atlantic colonies for livestock and grains. Mid-Atlantic colonies ● Specialization  Livestock, grains, fish ● Examples of interdependence  The Mid-Atlantic colonies traded with the Southern and New England colonies to get the products they did not produce.  The Mid-Atlantic colonies depended on the Southern colonies for tobacco, rice, indigo, and forest products.  They traded with the New England colonies for metal tools and equipment. Southern colonies ● Specialization  Tobacco, rice, indigo, forest products (lumber, tar, pitch) ● Examples of interdependence  The Southern colonies depended on the New England colonies for manufactured goods, including metal tools and equipment.  They depended on the Mid-Atlantic colonies for grains and other agricultural products not plentiful in the South. STANDARD USI.5d The student will apply social science skills to understand the factors that shaped colonial America by d) describing colonial life in America from the perspectives of large landowners, farmers, artisans, merchants, women, free African Americans, indentured servants, and enslaved African Americans; Essential Understandings The colonies were made up of different groups of people whose lives varied greatly depending on their social position. Essential Knowledge Large landowners ● Lived predominantly in the South ● Relied on indentured servants and/or enslaved African Americans for labor ● Were educated in some cases ● Had rich social culture Farmers ● Worked the land according to the region ● Relied on family members for labor Artisans ● Worked as craftsmen in towns and on plantations ● Lived in small villages and cities Merchants ● Worked to buy and sell goods to the colonists ● Lived in towns and cities White Women ● Worked as caretakers, house-workers, and homemakers ● Were not allowed to vote ● Had few opportunities for getting an education Free African Americans ● Were able to own/inherit land in some cases ● Had limited economic freedom and could work for pay and decide how to spend their money in some cases ● Had varying degrees of freedom and were not allowed to vote (men or women) STANDARD USI.5d (continued) The student will apply social science skills to understand the factors that shaped colonial America by d) describing colonial life in America from the perspectives of large landowners, farmers, artisans, merchants, women, free African Americans, indentured servants, and enslaved African Americans; Essential Knowledge Indentured servants ● Were men and women who did not have money for passage to the colonies and who agreed to work without pay for the person who paid for their passage ● Were free at the end of their contract Enslaved African Americans ● Were captured in their native Africa and sold to slave traders, then were shipped to the colonies where they were sold into slavery ● Were owned as property for life and did not have any rights ● Were often born into slavery (i.e., children of enslaved African Americans were born into slavery) STANDARD USI.5e The student will apply social science skills to understand the factors that shaped colonial America by e) explaining the political and economic relationships between the colonies and Great Britain. Essential Understandings Great Britain established and attempted to maintain control over the colonies. Essential Knowledge Economic relationships ● Great Britain imposed strict control over trade. ● Great Britain taxed the colonies after the French and Indian War. ● The colonies traded raw materials for goods made in Great Britain. Political relationships ● Colonists had to obey British laws, which were enforced by governors. ● Colonial governors were appointed by the king or by the proprietor. ● A colonial legislature made laws for each colony but was monitored by the colonial governor. American Indians lived in all area of the current United States. * Inuit inhabited present-day Alaska and northern Canada. They lived in Arctic areas where the temperature is below freezing much of the year. CLICK HERE to learn more about the Inuit * Kwakiutl homeland includes the Pacific Northwest coast, characterized by a rainy, mild climate. CLICK HERE to learn more about the Kwakiutl * Lakota people inhabited the interior of the United States, called the Great Plains, which is characterized by dry grasslands. CLICK HERE to learn more about the Lakota * Pueblo tribes inhabited the Southwest in present-day New Mexico and Arizona, where they lived in desert areas and areas bordering cliffs and mountains. CLICK HERE to learn about the Pueblo * Iroquois homeland includes northeast North America, called the Eastern Woodlands, which is heavily forested. CLICK HERE to learn about the Iroquois In the past, American Indians fished, hunted, and grew crops for food. They made clothing from animal skins and plants. They constructed shelters from resources found in their environment (e.g., sod, stones, animal skins, wood). Types of resources · Natural resources: Things that come directly from nature · Human resources: People working to produce goods and services · Capital resources: Goods produced and used to make other goods and services Natural resources The fish American Indians caught, wild animals they hunted, and crops they grew were examples of natural resources. Human resources People who fished, made clothing, and hunted animals were examples of human resources. Capital resources The canoes, bows, and spears American Indians made were examples of capital resources.